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Devices can be infected during manufacturing or supply if quality control is inadequate. Malware is sometimes used broadly against government or corporate websites to gather guarded information, [24] or to disrupt their operation in general. However, malware can be used against individuals to gain information such as personal identification numbers or details, bank or credit card numbers, and passwords.

Since the rise of widespread broadband Internet access, malicious software has more frequently been designed for profit. Since , the majority of widespread viruses and worms have been designed to take control of users' computers for illicit purposes.

Programs designed to monitor users' web browsing, display unsolicited advertisements , or redirect affiliate marketing revenues are called spyware. Spyware programs do not spread like viruses; instead they are generally installed by exploiting security holes.

They can also be hidden and packaged together with unrelated user-installed software. Ransomware prevents a user from accessing their files until a ransom is paid. There are two variations of ransomware, being crypto ransomware and locker ransomware. For example, programs such as CryptoLocker encrypt files securely, and only decrypt them on payment of a substantial sum of money.

Some malware is used to generate money by click fraud , making it appear that the computer user has clicked an advertising link on a site, generating a payment from the advertiser.

In addition to criminal money-making, malware can be used for sabotage, often for political motives. Stuxnet , for example, was designed to disrupt very specific industrial equipment. There have been politically motivated attacks which spread over and shut down large computer networks, including massive deletion of files and corruption of master boot records , described as "computer killing.

Disttrack and Saudi Aramco August These categories are not mutually exclusive, some malware may use multiple techniques. A Trojan horse is a harmful program that misrepresents itself to masquerade as a regular, benign program or utility in order to persuade a victim to install it. A Trojan horse usually carries a hidden destructive function that is activated when the application is started. The term is derived from the Ancient Greek story of the Trojan horse used to invade the city of Troy by stealth.

Trojan horses are generally spread by some form of social engineering , for example, where a user is duped into executing an email attachment disguised to be unsuspicious, e.

Although their payload can be anything, many modern forms act as a backdoor, contacting a controller phoning home which can then have unauthorized access to the affected computer, potentially installing additional software such as a keylogger to steal confidential information, cryptomining software or adware to generate revenue to the operator of the trojan.

Unlike computer viruses and worms, Trojan horses generally do not attempt to inject themselves into other files or otherwise propagate themselves. In spring Mac users were hit by the new version of Proton Remote Access Trojan RAT [43] trained to extract password data from various sources, such as browser auto-fill data, the Mac-OS keychain, and password vaults.

Once malicious software is installed on a system, it is essential that it stays concealed, to avoid detection. Software packages known as rootkits allow this concealment, by modifying the host's operating system so that the malware is hidden from the user.

Rootkits can prevent a harmful process from being visible in the system's list of processes , or keep its files from being read. An early example of this behavior is recorded in the Jargon File tale of a pair of programs infesting a Xerox CP-V time sharing system:.

Each ghost-job would detect the fact that the other had been killed, and would start a new copy of the recently stopped program within a few milliseconds. The only way to kill both ghosts was to kill them simultaneously very difficult or to deliberately crash the system.

A backdoor is a method of bypassing normal authentication procedures, usually over a connection to a network such as the Internet. Once a system has been compromised, one or more backdoors may be installed in order to allow access in the future, [47] invisibly to the user. The idea has often been suggested that computer manufacturers preinstall backdoors on their systems to provide technical support for customers, but this has never been reliably verified.

It was reported in that US government agencies had been diverting computers purchased by those considered "targets" to secret workshops where software or hardware permitting remote access by the agency was installed, considered to be among the most productive operations to obtain access to networks around the world. The best-known types of malware, viruses and worms, are known for the manner in which they spread, rather than any specific types of behavior and have been likened to biological viruses.

A worm is a stand-alone malware software that actively transmits itself over a network to infect other computers and can copy itself without infecting files. These definitions lead to the observation that a virus requires the user to run an infected software or operating system for the virus to spread, whereas a worm spreads itself.

A computer virus is software usually hidden within another seemingly innocuous program that can produce copies of itself and insert them into other programs or files, and that usually performs a harmful action such as destroying data.

Encryption-based ransomware, like the name suggests, is a type of ransomware that encrypts all files on an infected machine. These types of malware then display a pop-up informing the user that their files have been encrypted and that they must pay usually in Bitcoin to recover them. Some examples of encryption-based ransomware are CryptoLocker and WannaCry. Grayware sometimes spelled as greyware is a term, coming into use around , that applies to any unwanted application or file that can worsen the performance of computers and may cause security risks but which is not typically considered malware.

Grayware encompasses spyware , adware , fraudulent dialers , joke programs "jokeware" , remote access tools and other unwanted programs that may harm the performance of computers or cause inconvenience. For example, at one point, Sony BMG compact discs silently installed a rootkit on purchasers' computers with the intention of preventing illicit copying. Potentially unwanted programs PUPs or potentially unwanted applications PUAs are applications that would be considered unwanted despite being downloaded often by the user, possibly after failing to read a download agreement.

Many security products classify unauthorised key generators as grayware, although they frequently carry true malware in addition to their ostensible purpose. Malwarebytes lists several criteria for classifying a program as a PUP. Since the beginning of , a sizable portion of malware has been utilizing a combination of many techniques designed to avoid detection and analysis.

An increasingly common technique is adware that uses stolen certificates to disable anti-malware and virus protection; technical remedies are available to deal with the adware. Nowadays, one of the most sophisticated and stealthy ways of evasion is to use information hiding techniques, namely stegomalware. A survey on stegomalware was published by Cabaj et al. Fileless malware does not require a file to operate. It runs within memory and utilizes existing system tools to carry out malicious acts.

Because there are no files on the system, there are no executable files for antivirus and forensic tools to analyze, making such malware nearly impossible to detect. The only way to detect fileless malware is to catch it operating in real time. Such attacks are not easy to perform but are becoming more prevalent with the help of exploit-kits. A vulnerability is a weakness, flaw or software bug in an application , a complete computer, an operating system , or a computer network that is exploited by malware to bypass defences or gain privileges it requires to run.

For example, TestDisk 6. Malware may provide data that overflows the buffer, with malicious executable code or data after the end; when this payload is accessed it does what the attacker, not the legitimate software, determines. Malware can exploit recently discovered vulnerabilities before developers have had time to release a suitable patch. Sometimes even applying patches or installing new versions does not automatically uninstall the old versions. Security advisories from plug-in providers announce security-related updates.

Secunia PSI [74] is an example of software, free for personal use, that will check a PC for vulnerable out-of-date software, and attempt to update it. Other approaches involve using firewalls and intrusion prevention systems to monitor unusual traffic patterns on the local computer network. Users and programs can be assigned more privileges than they require, and malware can take advantage of this.

For example, of Android apps sampled, one third of them asked for more privileges than they required. Some systems allow all users to modify their internal structures, and such users today would be considered over-privileged users. This was the standard operating procedure for early microcomputer and home computer systems, where there was no distinction between an administrator or root , and a regular user of the system.

In some systems, non-administrator users are over-privileged by design, in the sense that they are allowed to modify internal structures of the system. In some environments, users are over-privileged because they have been inappropriately granted administrator or equivalent status. Some systems allow code executed by a user to access all rights of that user, which is known as over-privileged code. This was also standard operating procedure for early microcomputer and home computer systems.

Malware, running as over-privileged code, can use this privilege to subvert the system. Almost all currently popular operating systems, and also many scripting applications allow code too many privileges, usually in the sense that when a user executes code, the system allows that code all rights of that user.

A credential attack occurs when a user account with administrative privileges is cracked and that account is used to provide malware with appropriate privileges. Using strong passwords and enabling two-factor authentication can reduce this risk. With the latter enabled, even if an attacker can crack the password, they cannot use the account without also having the token possessed by the legitimate user of that account.

Homogeneity can be a vulnerability. For example, when all computers in a network run the same operating system, upon exploiting one, one worm can exploit them all: [81] In particular, Microsoft Windows or Mac OS X have such a large share of the market that an exploited vulnerability concentrating on either operating system could subvert a large number of systems.

Anti-malware sometimes also called antivirus programs block and remove some or all types of malware. A specific component of anti-malware software, commonly referred to as an on-access or real-time scanner, hooks deep into the operating system's core or kernel and functions in a manner similar to how certain malware itself would attempt to operate, though with the user's informed permission for protecting the system.

Any time the operating system accesses a file, the on-access scanner checks if the file infected or not. Typically, when an infected file is found, execution is stopped and the file is quarantined to prevent further damage with the intention to prevent irreversible system damage. Most AVs allow users to override this behaviour.

This can have a considerable performance impact on the operating system, though the degree of impact is dependent on how many pages it creates in virtual memory. Because many malware components are installed as a result of browser exploits or user error, using security software some of which are anti-malware, though many are not to "sandbox" browsers essentially isolate the browser from the computer and hence any malware induced change can also be effective in helping to restrict any damage done.

Website vulnerability scans check the website, detect malware, may note outdated software, and may report known security issues, in order to reduce the risk of the site being compromised. Structuring a network as a set of smaller networks, and limiting the flow of traffic between them to that known to be legitimate, can hinder the ability of infectious malware to replicate itself across the wider network.

Software Defined Networking provides techniques to implement such controls. As a last resort, computers can be protected from malware, and the risk of infected computers disseminating trusted information can be greatly reduced by imposing an "air gap" i. However, malware can still cross the air gap in some situations, not least due to the need to introduce software into the air-gapped network and can damage the availability or integrity of assets thereon.

Stuxnet is an example of malware that is introduced to the target environment via a USB drive, causing damage to processes supported on the environment without the need to exfiltrate data. AirHopper, [92] BitWhisper, [93] GSMem [94] and Fansmitter [95] are four techniques introduced by researchers that can leak data from air-gapped computers using electromagnetic, thermal and acoustic emissions.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Portmanteau for malicious software. Phreaking Cryptovirology Hacking of consumer electronics List of hackers. Hacker culture and ethic. Computer crime. Crimeware List of computer criminals Script kiddie. Hacking tools. Exploit forensics-focused operating systems Payload Social engineering Vulnerability. Practice sites. HackThisSite Zone-H. Computer security. Application security Cloud computing security Network security. Main article: History of computer viruses.

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of computer viruses and worms. Main article: Rootkit. Main article: Backdoor computing. Main article: Computer virus.

Main article: Ransomware. See also: Privacy-invasive software and Potentially unwanted program. Botnet Browser hijacking Comparison of antivirus software Computer security Cuckoo's egg metaphor Cyber spying Domain generation algorithm Facebook malware File binder Identity theft Industrial espionage Linux malware Malvertising Phishing Hacktivism Riskware Security in Web apps Social engineering security Targeted threat Technical support scam Telemetry software Typosquatting Web server overload causes Webattacker Zombie computer science.

Retrieved 10 September Retrieved 28 September SAC ' ISBN S2CID Network Security. ISSN No Starch Press. Information Sciences. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. ISSN X. Cybercrime magazine website.

Cybersecurity ventures. Retrieved 5 March Malicious cryptography - exposing cryptovirology. Archived from the original on 12 January Retrieved 27 August No more small and blurry pictures.

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